GCGRA Research Projects 25


Funded by GCGRA and COCOBOD & GCGRA
» Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana
(2018 to 2025)
The supply of improved planting materials to farmers is a vital component in ensuring the sustainability of cocoa production. Cocobod/CRIG and GCGRA are continuing to support a major breeding programme, the Mabang Megakarya Selection Programme (MMSP). MMSP’s work will lead to Ghana’s seed gardens supplying farmers with new varieti es which have been tested for their performance in an area affected by the devastating Megakarya form of Black Pod disease. In the longer term it will also develop improved clonal varieties which will be at the heart of the modernisation of cocoa production.
3 Published Papers

Funded by GCGRA and CRIG/COCOBOD, CRUK Ltd, The Embassy of the Netherlands in Accra, Mars, Mondelez International
» Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana
(2013 to 2018)
Researcher: Mr. E.Nsiah (Consultant G. Lockwood)
The supply of improved planting materials to farmers is a vital component in ensuring the sustainability of cocoa production. A public/private partnership between Ghana Cocoa Board (COCOBOD), Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to Ghana, GCGRA and its sister organisation CR(UK) Ltd, Mars and Mondelez International contributed over €4million to the continuation of a major breeding programme, the Mabang Megakarya Selection Programme (MMSP) over four years. MMSP’s work will lead to Ghana’s seed gardens supplying farmers with new varieties which have been tested for their performance in an area affected by the devastating Megakarya form of Black Pod disease. In the longer term it will also develop improved clonal varieties which will be at the heart of the modernisation of cocoa production. At the end of this Phase of the programme, MMSP achievements include: • Well-developed infrastructure including office and post-harvest facilities • Dedicated, experienced staff with support from willing and capable casual workforce • Efficient data management system using barcoding technology • Fifty-eight trials established to date, with a total area of over 100 ha. Over 3670 clones and 200 bi-parental crosses based on 58 parents under evaluation. Results to date indicate that promising materials outyield standard controls by well over 150%. • First two clones available for inclusion in multi-site trials planned under a new CRIG/WCF ACI-2 project
2 Published Papers

Funded by GCGRA
» Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana
» Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
(2010 to 2011)
Researchers: D. Nyadanu (Supervisors:Dr. Boamah Adomako, Dr. F. Amoah, Dr. Lockwood (Advisor))
A research project in Ghana to test whether the leaf disc and/or detached pod tests for black pod resistance can be used to predict the rank order of disease incidence of the 16 clones in a completed clone trial and of the general combining abilities (gcas) of 5 and 10 parents in two completed field trials.
5 Published Papers

Funded by GCGRA and Cadbury-Kraft, CRIG
» Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana
» University of Reading, UK
(2007 to 2011)
Researchers: Prof. P.Hadley, Dr. A.Daymond
A joint project between CRIG, Cadbury International (Kraft), GCGRA and The University of Reading to assess the performance of hybrid and clonal cocoa grown under Avocado or Terminalia shade trees or without shading.

Funded by GCGRA and LNV Sustainable Cocoa Subsidy Scheme (Dutch Buffer Stock) and CRIG/COCOBOD
» Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana
(2005 to 2009)
Researcher: Mr. E.Nsiah
A major new breeding programme with the objective of new planting materials with high yield in the presence of damaging pests and diseases, and which can deliver fermented and dried cocoa beans of traditional Ghanaian quality.
7 Published Papers

Funded by GCGRA
» Centre National Recherches Agriculture, Cote d'Ivoire
» Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana
(2001 to 2003)
Researcher: Abdoulaye Traore
A two year research project which established somatic embryogenesis technology at both CNRA and CRIG and used this to propagate promising selections which had been identified by farmers.
1 Published Paper

Funded by GCGRA
» Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences
» Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana
(1999 to 2001)
Researcher: Dr George Oduor
This project was initiated to find, isolate and identify suitable fungal pathogens which could be used to develop an environmentally friendly biocontrol technique to control mirids (capsids), an insect pest which cause substantial damage to the cocoa crop in West Africa. The objectives were to isolate suitable pathogens from mirid populations in Ghana, demonstrate the technical feasibility of cocoa mirid control using fungal pathogens and train Ghanaian scientists in the principles of insect pathology and production of fungal entomopathogens. It complements a larger CABI/CRIG project which was funded by the UK Government (DFID). Staff from the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG) were trained in various aspects of insect pathology both in the laboratory in CABI (UK), CABI-ARC (Kenya) and through on-the-job training in Ghana. Surveys for pathogens in the different cocoa growing regions in Ghana recovered a number of fungal pathogens but only Beauveria bassiana was considered to be worth evaluating as a potential mycoinsecticide. Four other isolates of B. bassiana from cocoa mirids in Papua New Guinea were studied alongside the Ghanaian one. Bioassays against the mirid Sahlbergella singularis did not show any significant differences in the pathogenicities of these isolates. Studies conducted at different temperatures (23, 28 and 33OC) on the rate of growth on artificial medium, intensity of sporulation and viability of both dry spores and spores formulated in oil, of the different isolates identified isolate 382948 (originally isolated from S. singularis in Ghana) as the most promising one for development into a biopesticide. A technique for mass producing B. bassiana on sterilised boiled rice was developed and utilised. Further work is now required in refining formulation, and conducting field trials in order to evaluate the efficacy of this potential biopesticide against cocoa mirid.

Funded by GCGRA
» University of Reading, UK
(1995 to 2001)
Researcher: P. Hadley
The intention was to set up a series of long-term multi-locational experiments to analyse the growth and yield potential of a number of contrasting cocoa clones. Sites were established at Almirante Cacau, Bahia, Brazil and Bontu Morso, nr. Kumasi, Ghana but difficulties in establishing common planting materials eventually led to a re-consideration of the project. The site at Bontu Morso was subsequently used in the BCCCA/Bangor University/FORIG project ‘Improving the productivity and sustainability of cocoa farms in West Africa through the utilisation of native forest trees in agroforestry systems’ and the GCGRA/CRIG/Cadbury International project ‘Intercropping cocoa with economic shade crops’.

Funded by GCGRA
» Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana
(1988 to 2000)
Researcher: Dr. S. Sackey/Rita Osei
Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus (CSSV) disease has a serious impact on cocoa production in many areas of West Africa though it is not known to occur in the main cocoa areas of the Americas or Southeast Asia. It is one of the most challenging diseases to detect/diagnose both in the field and during the quarantine process since the leaf symptoms of many strains are difficult to distinguish from those caused by mineral deficiencies, and moreover, since viral infections may remain latent/asymptomatic for several years. At the start of this project in 2000, a review of the CSSV detection methods reported in the literature indicated that it was still difficult to unequivocally diagnose cocoa swollen shoot badnavirus infections, since with the exception of electron microscopy and host symptom induction in seedlings, the various diagnostic practices could not be relied upon to universally detect all isolates/infections. To increase the range of strains that the primers could detect, a nucleotide sequence database was compiled on a segment of virus genome covering thirty-six CSSV isolates. Even though PCR DNA products were obtained from all the selected virus isolates, cloning and nucleotide sequencing proved difficult. Thus nucleotide sequences were generated from only a few isolates. The second part of the project was to design new primers based on a new consensus of that part of the virus genome defined by the badna primers. The consensus generated from the few CSSV isolates were used in conjunction with sequences from other viruses associated with tropical crops typically found in Ghanaian cocoa farms, i.e. Discorea alata (yam), banana, and sugarcane, and some typical weeds, i.e. commelina, and kalenchoe. The new primers were characterized to determine optimal conditions for PCR. In the third part of the project, the primers were assessed for their ability to generate amplification products from CSSV infected tissue from these same 36 isolates. It was shown that unlike the universal primers of Lockhart and Olszewski (1983) all but a few of the samples tested produced only one DNA amplification product of the expected 600 base pair molecular weight. Selected amplification products were cloned and sequenced and it was confirmed that they were virus-coded. The cloned DNAs were used as templates for the synthesis of non-radioactive labelled probes for dot blot hybridisation analysis of crude virus DNA extracts, and differentiated between virus DNA and uninfected (healthy) Amelonado cocoa DNA. The project was carried out in part as a postgraduate research project and Ms Rita Nana Konadu Osei submitted her thesis in partial fulfilment of the conditions for the award of the M.Phil. degree in Biochemistry from the University of Ghana in December 2000.
4 Published Papers

Funded by GCGRA
» University of Ghana, Kade, Ghana
» Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana
(1995 to 1996)
Researcher: Prof Afreh-Nuamah
1 Published Paper

Funded by GCGRA
» Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana
» University of Reading, UK
(1993 to 1996)
Researchers: Dr. P Hadley, Dr A Parker
This project was initiated to evaluate the potential of the virobacterial agglutination test developed at CRIG (Hughes and Ollenu, 1993) as a rapid means of detecting cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV) as part of cocoa quarantine procedures at the University of Reading. The test kits were prepared at CRIG and tested on control and CSSV infected materials in the UK. Although initial results were promising, the reliability of the VBA test was not sufficient for use in quarantine procedures.

Funded by GCGRA and Cocoa Research Unit, Trinidad
» University of Liverpool, UK
(1989 to 1993)
Researcher: Paul Dartey (Supervisor:Dr. Keith Hardwick)
Abstract from PhD Thesis (University of Liverpool, 1993) of Paul K A A Dartey. The main aim of this project was to investigate ways of improving the reliability of establishment through the use of water storing polymers. Important subsidiary alms were to evaluate posslble advantages of using the polymer to i)raise seedlings in the nursery, ii) improve bare root transplant procedure and iii) carry nutrient ions as well as water. Evaluations were completed by comparing water requirements of seedlings with additional water reservoirs created with various polymer treatments The water requirements of cocoa seedlings under a range of environmenta conditions were successfully estimated from water culture systems with a novel electronic technique. Experiments in controlled environment rooms with compost:polymer (P4) mixtures showed substantial increses in available water and significant extensions of the seedling survival period under drought compared with controls, though higher polymer levels than previously recommended for other crops were needed for significant effects. A mulch treatment was also valuable in conserving water. Field trials in the dry-season in Trinidad were less successful. Neither polymer alone nor combined with mulch significantly extended seedling survival but the dry season was somewhat extreme and observations were not possible regularly enough to detect any short extensions to survival. The field situation is complicated by the presence of competing weeds and redistribution (loss) of water from the reservoir in the planted root-ball to the surrounding dry soil. Further experiments would be needed at individual field sites for a fully effective evaluation of P4. Whilst P4 use in compost did not improve the quality of nursery seedlings, it did reduce the frequency of watering required and greatly enhanced the efficiency of the bare-rooted transplant technique. A new technique for P4 use is developed and is strongly recommended for Ghana. Use of antitranspirant did not prove effective. P4 retained nutrient ions but rapid leaching probably makes its immediate use as a combined fertilser and water carrier non-viable. Conclusions from a simple cost:benefit analysis, based on Ghana details and carried out for various modes of P4 use are that its use for bare-root procedures should be very cost effective but use for ameliorating soil via back-fill in field plantings of ball-rooted seedlings is an expensive insurance though chearer manufacture inthe third world would make this more feasible
2 Published Papers

Funded by GCGRA and University of Ghana
(1987 to 1992)
Researcher: T.Y Annan (Supervisor:Dr. G.T. Odamtten)
A project to investigate the potential use of biological control agents to control post- and pre-emergence damping off of cocoa seedlings due to Phytophthora infections.

Funded by GCGRA
(1987 to 1992)
Researcher: Dr. Afreh-Nuamah; Dr. G Matthews
A project to investigate the potential use of different nozzles to improve the efficacy and efficiency of spraying. The project was carried out at Kade station of the University of Ghana and IPARC (Imperial College, London) provided support and training in spray technology for a Ghanaian student.
2 Published Papers

Funded by GCGRA and University of Ghana/Govt of Ghana
(1991 to 1991)
Researcher: S. P-K Entsie (Supervisor: Dr. G.T. Odamtten)
Samuel Paa-Kwesi Entsie (1992) MPhil Thesis, University of Ghana Summary: The fungus Aspergillus niger to be used in attacking the saprophytic phase of Phytophthora palmivora in soil and in stem as canker was present in the soil of the selected cocoa farms at Suhum, Kade and Nankese (Eastern Region, Breman (Central Region) anj Fume (Volta Region) throughout the year. Total population of soil fungi resident in the top (0-5cm depth) layer was generally 2-5 per cent higher than what existed at the lower (5-lOcm depth) level. Total fungal population was generally low (1.9 3.8 log10CFU/g) from December to April during the dry season and thereafter increased reaching peak value (4.0-4.6 log10CFU/g) in May-July in the major rainy season and September-October in the minor rainy season. Population of A.niger in the soil from the selected cocoa farms differed considerably throughout the sampling period; the farms at Suhum, Kade, Nankese, Breman and Fume showed unique phenology of A.niger propagules. The pH of the soil also varied as follows throughout the year: Suhum (pH 6.5-7.8), Kade (pH 5.6- 6.8), Nankese (pH 6.8-8.0), Breman (pH 5.8-6.7), Fume (pH 6.8-7.8). The top 0-5cm depth recorded pH's that were 2-4 percent higher than the lower 5-10cm depth of soil. The moisture content range of soils from the selected farms are as follows:Suhum (12.4-32.0 per cent), Kade (12.1-22.3 per cent), Nankese 2?-26.8 per cent , Bremen (6.5 -21.7%) and Fume (8.6- 23.2 per cent). Moisture content of top soil (0-5 cm depth) was 2-8% lower than what existed in deeper (5-10cm depth) layers. In order to augment A niger populations in cocoa farm soil, three substrates were tested for their ability to support rapid growth of A niger. The best growth of A niger at 35’C was obtained on blended dry cocoa leaves. The fungus covered the entire petri plate (12.5cm diameter) in about 5 days; it took 21 days to cover the same plate containing blended dry pawpaw leaves and dry plantain leaves was clearly unstuiable as the fungus grew sparingly and took 3 months (90 days) to cover the petri plate. Germination and growth of cocoa seedlings sown in pots containing unsterilized cocoa farm soil amended with A niger (raised on blended dry cocoa leaves) was markedly similar to seedlings raised in A niger-free unsterilized cocoa farm soil. There was no significant difference (P =0.05) in the height, dry weight of stem. root and leaves of all the seedlings after 8 weeks growth in their respective soils. Furthermore, ? seeds of 20 plants belonging to 15 Families and 21 genera germinated and developed to maturity in both non-sterile control soil and in soil amended with A.niger. A niger failed to produce in native soil the characteristic metabolite which is known to depress height and growth of cocoa and other seedlings. Culture filtrate of Asperfillus niger required for studies on the effect of metabolite of the fungus on pre and post-emergence damping off of cocoa seedlings as well as stem canker caused by P. palmivora was provided by cultures grown in V-8 Broth of pH 2.3 at 35’C for 4 days. A niger culture filtrate protected Amazonia, Amelonado variety, Clones T79/501,PA7/808 and NA32 from severe damping-off when beans were placed for 30 min. 1:1-1:2 v/v dilution of filtrate in the presence of P. palmivora zoospores prior to sowing in soil. There was varying levels of resistance/susceptibility to P.palmivora infection depending on the variety/clone used. Filtrate dilution of 1:1 v/v depressed height of seedlings by about 4.5 per cent. When the beans were iwuersed in 1:1 1:2 v/v dilution of A.niger culture filtrate for·30min, 60mln and 120min before artificial inoculation with zoospores of P.palmivora, 90 per cent of T79/501 seedlings survived pre-and post emergence damping off after 10 weeks growth in soil; 80 per cent of Pa7/808 and 50 per cent of Na32 clone survived during the same period of growth. Control beans soaked in distilled water prior to artificial inoculation with P.palmivora zoospores virtually failed to germinate. There was no statistical difference (P < 0.05) between results obtained after 30min, 60min and 120 min soaking in 1:1 v/v dilution of A.niger. External application of culture filtrate of A.niger (1:1 - 1:2 v/v dilution) to soil variably depressed canker formation and symptoms arising from it in cocoa seedlings of crosses T63/971 x T60/887; T65/971 x AMEL; T85/799 x Pa7/808; T85/799 x T65/283 and ALPH B63xS84. Cross T85/799 x Pa7/808 was the most resistant variety followed by T85/799 x T65/283. The cross between ALPH B63 x S84 was the most susceptible to stem canker infection. Other studies reported in this thesis show that P. palmivora could be isolated from soil throughout the year on the selected cocoa farms. The inoculum was 11.4-24.1 per cent higher in the top soil (0-5cm depth) than in the bottom soil (5-lOcm depth). The farmers did not adhere to the cultural practice of burning infected pods on the farm. This resulted in a high percentage (58-82 per cent) of farms acting as reservoir of the pathogen. The nutrient composition of the soil (Organic matter Carbon content, inorganic elements available Nitrogen and Phosphorous etc) and the prevailing microclimatic conditions on the farms presumably acted in concert to augment epiphytotic induction of the disease.

Funded by GCGRA
» University of Reading, UK
(1988 to 1991)
Researcher: Dr. Paul Hadley
A post-graduate student project to investigate factors influencing vegetative growth under controlled greenhouse conditions which, unfortunately, was not completed.

Funded by GCGRA and CRIG/University of Ghana, Legon
(1987 to 1990)
Researcher: Dr. Dakwa
The project set out to investigate the identity (species) of Phytophthora causing a serious outbreak of Black Pod disease in the Akemadan-Bechem district of Ghana and determine the mating types of the Phytophthora species and viability, morphological, physiological and pathological characteristics of progency resulting from these matings. GCGRA provided modest support for equipment and scientific appraisal of the project.

Funded by GCGRA and CRU/UWI, IBPGR
» University of Nottingham, UK
(1983 to 1988)
Researcher: J.A. Yidana (Supervisor: Lyndsey A. Withers)
This project investigated both the development of an in vitro collecting method for cocoa germplasm and isozyme characterization of that material. Standard tissue culture inoculation procedures were optimised, including testing of various fungicides for surface sterilisation of the explant tissues and addition of antibiotics to the culture media to reduce contamination. A standard procedure in which explants are sterilised with a mixture of Boots water sterilising tablets (10/100ml) and FBC Protectant Fungicide (0.05%) and inoculated onto a medium containing Tilt MBC (0.10%) and rifamycin (0.015%) has been recommended. Cultures prepared by this procedure can be maintained clean for 5 to 8 weeks with 30 to 60% success. Although the cultures produced shoots during this period, attempts to root them were unsuccessful. In the investigation of isozymes to characterise the germplasm, a total of 18 enzymes were examined on polyacrylamide and/or starch gels. Of these, 9 produced multiple bands, 2 produced a single band each while 7 produced unsatisfactory resolution. T Peroxidase isozymes (PER) were the most extensively studied using different tissues and plants at different developmental stages. Variation in stem bark was the most consistent and was used to group all cocoa genotypes studied into 3 classes. Peroxidase isozymes in 5 wild Theobroma species were also examined. During the project, an internship supported by IBPGR allowed the isozyme analysis techniques to be transferred to CRU Trinidad for use in characterising materials in the ICG,T.
5 Published Papers

Funded by BCCCA/GCGRA and Govt of Ghana
» Imperial College, UK
(1983 to 1986)
Researcher: O A Danquah (Supervisor: Dr. B.E.J. Wheeler)
Danquah, O-A (1986) Growth of Crinipellis perniciosa in cocoa resistant and susceptible to witches' broom. PhD Thesis, Imperial College, University of London The growth of two isolates representative of the two pathotype populations on cultivated cocoa of Crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of witches’ broom was studied in seedlings with Scavine 6 as one parent. One isolate from Pichilingue in Ecuador (pathotype A) induced significantly more hypertrophy, grew more rapidly up the plant and colonised the tuees at any one level more extensively than did the other isolate from Trinidad (pathotype 8). For both isolates·there were highly significant correlations between amounts of fungus in the tissues and the hypertrophy produced but no indication that they differed in their ability to induce hypertrophy. In seedlings infected with the Trinidad isolate, groups of necrotic cells associated with the intercellular hyphae of C. perniciosa were found 5 weeks after inoculation. Similar sites of necrosis developed more slowly and less frequently in seedlings infected with the Pichilingue isolate. Thus at 9 to 12 weeks after inoculation, there were significantly more sites of necrosis and more necrotic cells per site in seedlings infected with the Trinidad isolate and more unaffected hyphae in seedlings infected with the Pichilingue isolate. When basidiospores of the two isolates were germinated in water extracts from Scavina 6 seedlings, the germ-tubes of the Pichilingue isolate were significantly longer than those of the Trinidad isolate. This different in germ-tube growth appeared to be associated with the phenolic and alkaloid components. However, no significant correlation was obtained between the numbers of hyphal fragments in Scavina 6 seedlings and germ-tube length in extracts of tissue from the same seedlings. Similar studies of the two isolates in seedling of other cocoa cultivars further indicated the ability of the Pichilingue isolate to grown in those with Scavina parentage though in others eg Amelonado, both isolats grew equally well. Further tests with extracts of other cocoa cultivars were inconsistent and inconclusive. An attempt was made to study the significance of cell death in the C.perniciosa/ccoa relationship by preparing cocoa callus and cell suspensions, but the techniques used were not entirely successful.
1 Published Paper

Funded by GCGRA
» Wye College, University of London, UK
(1983 to 1986)
Researcher: F.M Amoah (Supervisor:Dr. Ray Fordham)
Franklin Manu Amoah (1986) Studies on the Rapid Propagation of Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). PhD Thesis, Wye College, University of London. Summary Vegetative propagation is important for the rapid multiplication and improvement of selected clones of cacao for research and breeding programmes and the establishment of plantations. A review of literature on plant propagation with special reference to cacao has been carried out. The effects of several environmental and physiological factors as well as pretreatments to seeds and cuttings on the propagation of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)have been investigated. Techniques have been developed for the intensified production of your cacao from seeds, rooted cuttings and the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). A growing medium of 30’C favoured rapid rooting of cuttings and the growth of young plants by the NFT. Leaf area of about 80cm2 favoured success of rooting and bench budding/grafting. A mixture of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) and a-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) in equal proportions at a total concentration of 6000ppm applied as 10 seconds quick dip favoured rooting of cuttings whilst Gibberellic Acid (GA3) at 500ppm or Gibberellic Acid and 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) mixture in equal proportions at a total concentration of 500ppm favoured rapid shoot growth of cuttings and bench budding/graftlings. Addition of mineral nutrients to the flowing solution inhibited both rooting and bud break of cuttings rooted by the NFT. Studies on the effect of individual elements (N, P and K) on rooting also revealed that single node cuttings of cacao rooted best in distilled water than in any other solution. Cuttings rooted faster in the NFT than under mist and growth rates of young plants growing NFT conditions were approximately twice the rate observed for plants grown in standard potting compost. Marginal leaf scorching, which is a common occurrence in cacao, has been observed to be related to local deficiencies of calcium in the affected areas resulting from reduced water uptake by plants; however, this does not occur under NFT conditions where there is a continuous supply of water to the plants. Recommendations are made on improved techniques for the intensified production of young cacao.
2 Published Papers

Funded by GCGRA
(1984 to 1984)
A short project to optimise budding methodology to improve the success rate of establishing material collected as part of the LCT-INIAP Amazon Project in the quarantine facilities at Kew Gardens, UK. Experiments on budwood collected from the field genebank, San Carlos, Ecuador established that budwood could be stored for 9 days without substantial loss of viability, and that foil or clingfilm wrappings could further improve the bud "take" rate. Trials using fungicide sprays in advance of harvesting the budwood were not found to improve budding success rates. It was suggested that the lower light levels and temperatures, and higher humidity levels at San Carlos compared to conditions in the Kew greenhouses may have accounted for the better budding success rates obtained.

Funded by GCGRA and Inter-University Council 'Study and Serve' scheme.
(1970 to 1973)
Researcher: J D Majer
GCGRA contributed to a study of ants and their interactions with cocoa pests and pathogens with a view to developing an integrated control scheme of cocoa. The work was undertaken at the Agricultural Research Station, Kade, University of Ghana. Cocoa-farm ants are distributed in a three dimensional mosajc manner. The structure of the ant mosaic, the underlying mechanisms maintaining it and the way in which it is formed were investigated in order to provide the necessary background information needed to artificially manipulate ant distribution.
7 Published Papers

Funded by GCGRA
» Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana
(1970 to 1972)
Researcher: W H Beckett
Koransang cocoa farm was purchased in 1904 and established over a 32 year period. This review builds on the survey of yield, affects of CSSV and other impacts on farmer livelihood carried out in the 1940's which had found that yields started to decline from 1928 despite an approximately 30% increase in acreage. In 1942 it was estimated that 45% of the acreage was affected by CSSV 1A and 20% of trees had died. The review follows the changes in land tenure, CSSV impact and other factors affecting farm economics.
1 Published Paper

Funded by GCGRA and The Right Honourable Company of Goldsmiths
(1969 to 1971)
Researcher: P. Room
GCGRA and The Right Honourable Company of Goldsmiths supported the studies on mistletoe ecology by Mr. Room at the University of Ghana
7 Published Papers

Funded by GCGRA and IOCC
(1968 to 1970)
Researcher: D. Leston
GCGRA and International Office of Cocoa and Chocolate supported the entomological studies by Mr. Leston at the University of Ghana
7 Published Papers

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